Mental Health Terminology: A Plain-Language Reference

Cognitive Distortion

An inaccurate or exaggerated thinking pattern that negatively influences emotions and behavior. Common examples include catastrophizing, mind-reading, and overgeneralization. Identifying these patterns is a key goal in cognitive behavioral therapy.

Nervous System Regulation

The body's capacity to manage its own stress-response states — shifting from heightened arousal back to a calmer baseline. Practices such as controlled breathing or grounding techniques are often used to support regulation, though effectiveness varies by individual.

Resilience

The ability to adapt and recover from adversity, stress, or difficult life experiences. Resilience is not a fixed trait; research suggests it can be cultivated through social connection, coping skills, and access to support.

Trauma

An emotional response to a deeply distressing or disturbing event that overwhelms an individual's ability to cope. Trauma responses are highly individual — the same event may be traumatic for one person and not another.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A structured, evidence-based form of psychotherapy that explores the relationship between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. CBT is among the most researched therapeutic approaches for conditions such as anxiety and depression.

Somatic Therapy

A body-centered therapeutic approach that addresses how physical sensations relate to emotional and psychological experiences. It is often used in trauma-informed care, though evidence varies across specific modalities.

Comorbidity

The simultaneous presence of two or more medical or mental health conditions in the same person. For example, anxiety and depression frequently co-occur. Clinicians assess comorbidities to develop a complete treatment picture.

Psychoeducation

The process of providing individuals — and sometimes their families — with factual information about a mental health condition and its treatment. It is a standard component of many therapeutic approaches.

Grounding

A set of techniques used to anchor attention to the present moment, often by engaging the senses. Grounding is commonly used to manage dissociation, anxiety, or overwhelming emotions.

Dissociation

A disconnection from thoughts, feelings, surroundings, or identity — ranging from brief episodes of spacing out to more significant disruptions of memory or sense of self. It can occur as a response to stress or trauma.

Attachment Style

A pattern of relating to others in close relationships, shaped largely by early caregiving experiences. Researchers commonly describe four styles: secure, anxious, avoidant, and disorganized. These patterns can influence relationships throughout life.

Mindfulness

The practice of intentionally paying attention to the present moment without judgment. Mindfulness-based interventions have a growing evidence base for supporting stress reduction and emotional regulation.